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Culture:
Yuchi includes: Euchee
Wyandot includes: Huron, Wendat, Wyandotte, Huron-Wyandot
Tuscarora includes: Ska:rù:rę'
Seneca includes: Onöndowága
Seminole includes: Yat'siminoli
Osage includes: 𐓁𐒻 𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒰͘
Ojibwe includes: Ojibwa, Chippewa, Ojibway
Onondaga includes: Onöñda'gega'
Omaha includes: Umoⁿhoⁿ
Oneida includes: Onyota'a:ka
Pawnee includes: Chaticks si Chaticks, Chatiks si Chatiks
Otomi includes: Hñahñu, Ñuhu, Ñhato, Ñuhmu
Quapaw includes: Arkansas, Ugahxpa
Mohawk includes: Kanienʼkehá꞉ka
Miami includes: Myaamiaki
Mi'kmaq includes: Micmac
Mohican includes: Mahican, Muhhekunneuw
Lenape includes: Lenni-Lenape, Delaware
Kaw includes: Kansa, Kanza
Choctaw includes: Chahta
Cayuga includes: Gayogohó:no
Dakota includes: Dakȟóta
Atakapa includes: Atacapa
Aaniiih includes: A'aninin, Atsina, Gros Ventre
Language:English | German | Otomi, Mezquital | Chitimacha | Atakapa | Cherokee | Osage | Chickasaw | Choctaw | Nottoway | Kansa | Omaha-Ponca | Dakota | Pawnee | Nanticoke | Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille | Miami-Illinois | Mi'kmaq | Mikasuki | Quapaw | Yuchi | Delaware | Ojibwe | Shawnee | Seneca | Mohawk | Onondaga | Cayuga | Oneida | Tuscarora | Natchez | Wyandot | Muscogee | Mohegan-Pequot
Date:1798-1821
Subject:Linguistics | Algonquian languages | Iroquoian languages | Siouan languages | Muskogean languages
Type:Text
Genre:Newspaper clippings | Vocabularies
Extent:219 pages
Description: This volume contains extracts of Benjamin Smith Barton's "New Views of the Origin of the Tribes and Nations of America" (Philadelphia, 1797), with additions by Peter S. Du Ponceau. The bulk of the volume is comprised of word list of 54 words with equivalents listed in a range of 50-70 languages. While Barton listed no authority, Du Ponceau cited sources. Languages with words listed include Chitimacha, Atakapa, Cherokee, Osage, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Nottoway, Kansa, Omaha, Dakota, Pawnee, Nanticoke, Gros Ventres, Miami, Mi'kmaq, Seminole, Quapaw, Yuchi, Delaware, Ojibwe, Shawnee, Seneca, Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga, Oneida, Tuscarora, Natches, Wyandot, Creek, Mahican, Mohegan, and many others. The word list includes the terms for God, heaven, and sky, as well as various terms relating to kinship, parts of the body, weather, and more. The volume also includes notes on sounds of the Otomi (Othomi) observations on declension; observations about the Omaha, Kansa, Oto, Arkansas, and Missouri languages; and notes on symbol and sound. Also includes a newspaper clipping of a review (in German) of Barton's "New Views" that appeared in "Göttingische Anzeigen von gelehrten Sachen," June 17, 1799.
Collection:A comparative vocabulary of Indian languages (Mss.497.B28)
Culture:
Language:English
Date:1816-1888
Contributor:Reynolds, Henry Lee | Horsford, Eben Norton, 1818-1893 | Tooker, William Wallace, 1848-1917 | Du Ponceau, Peter Stephen, 1760-1844
Subject:Labrador--History | Linguistics | Place names | Material culture
Type:Text
Genre:Correspondence | Minutes
Extent:8 items
Description: Materials relating to Alonguian languages and cultures, as well as to the publication of pieces on those subjects. Topics include an essay submitted by Reynolds on Algonquian metalsmiths; Tooker's request for a copy of Heckewelder's comparative Algonquian vocabularies for his work on Long Island place names; two letters revolving around Horsford's efforts to publish the American Philosophical Society manuscript of Heckewelder's comparative Algonquian vocabulary with his edition of Zeisberger's Onondaga dictionary; Du Ponceau on Native languages described as Huron, Delaware, Minsi, Mohicon, Natick, Chippeway, Shawanoe and Nanticoke; and two items relating to a manuscript found on the coast of Labrador which Du Ponceau presented to the APS in facsimile and which he believed to be Algonquian.
Collection:American Philosophical Society Archives (APS.Archives)
Culture:
Unkechaug includes: Unquachog
Tuscarora includes: Ska:rù:rę'
Ojibwe includes: Ojibwa, Chippewa, Ojibway
Oneida includes: Onyota'a:ka
Onondaga includes: Onöñda'gega'
Mohican includes: Mahican, Muhhekunneuw
Miami includes: Myaamiaki
Lenape includes: Lenni-Lenape, Delaware
Cree includes: Nēhiyaw, Cri
Cayuga includes: Gayogohó:no
Choctaw includes: Chahta
Atakapa includes: Atacapa
Language:Algonquin | Delaware | Unami | Munsee | Nanticoke | Ojibwe | Cree | Shawnee | Mahican | Quiripi | Oneida | Cayuga | Onondaga | Miami-Illinois | Cherokee | Chickasaw | Choctaw | Muscogee | Tuscarora | Chitimacha
Date:n.d., 1792-1808?; 1802-1808
Contributor:Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826
Subject:Linguistics
Type:Text
Genre:Vocabularies
Extent:1 volume
Description: 4 pages of words from Jefferson's standard form, with equivalents in Mohiccon and three other languages numbered as 1, 6, 7 (Mohiccon), and 8. A comparative vocabulary of 22 languages, arranged tabularly to follow Jefferson's standard printed vocabulary form. Languages include Delaware, Unami, Monsi, Chippewa, Knisteneaux, Algonquin, Tawa, Shawanee, Nanticoke, Mohiccon, Unkechaug, Oneida, Cayuga, Onondaga, Miami, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Tuscarora, Chetimacha, and Atacapa.
Collection:Comparative vocabularies of several Indian languages (Mss.497.J35)
Culture:
Date:1783-1817
Contributor:Barton, Benjamin Smith, 1766-1815 | McAtee, William L.
Subject:Botany | Health | Linguistics | Religion | Rites and ceremonies | Zoology
Type:Text
Genre:Correspondence | Vocabularies
Extent:107 pages
Description: These letters authored by Benjamin Barton Smith to various correspondents discuss Indian vocabulary words for birds, earthquakes, and animals of their domestic economy. Smith solicits information about Indian beliefs about health, nursing, menstration, animal sacrifice, Indian Bible, origins of Indian tribes, white race, Orthography and spelling, chief's political power, and comparative linguistic analysis between Indian and Asiatic languages.
Collection:Violetta Delafield-Benjamin Smith Barton Collection (Mss.B.B284d)
Culture:
Date:1781-1819 and undated
Contributor:Heckewelder, John Gottlieb Ernestus, 1743-1823 | Green, Daniel (Mohawk) | Killbuck, John (William Henry) | Beaver, Mr. | Zeisberger, David, 1721-1808 | Miller, Samuel | Hopocan, approximately 1725-1794 (Captain Pipe)
Subject:Government relations | Linguistics | Missions | Social life and customs | Pennsylvania--History | Moravians
Type:Text
Genre:Correspondence | Vocabularies | Notes | Essays
Extent:16 items
Description: These items includes notes, letters, and essays on the history, manners, and languages of Native peoples, particularly the Lenape ("Delaware"), sent by Heckewelder to the Committee and to members of the American Philosophical Society. Contains answers to queries, historical material (such as the arrival of Europeans; relations between the Delawares and Haudenosaunee), Indian speeches, replies to letters of Peter S. Du Ponceau, references to Swedish-Lenape translations, Indian writing, translations of English into Indian languages. Mentions Delaware individuals, both named and unnamed.
Collection:Communications to the Historical and Literary Committee of the American Philosophical Society, 1816-1821 (Mss.970.1.H35c)
Culture:
Date:1900-1951
Contributor:Barbeau, Marius, 1883-1969 | Cooke, Charles, 1870-1958
Subject:Folklore | Linguistics | New York (State)--History | Pennsylvania--History | Ontario--History | Québec (Province)--History | Social life and customs
Type:Text
Genre:Personal names | Essays | Vocabularies | Stories
Extent:1380 pages
Description: This manuscript is an alphabetical list of about 6200 Iroquoian names, collected over 5 decades by Charles Cooke (Thawennensere), a Mohawk scholar from Wahta. Each entry includes the name in its Mohawk rendering, with phonetic spelling, gender, tribe, location, date, and clan. The name is then analyzed by radicals, with historical information about its bearer (where relevant). Cross reference to variants and from English names of Indians. Preface by Cooke, edited by C. Marius Barbeau, classifies names and gives numbers and sex. This item has been fully digitized and can be viewed online. See also an accompanying audio collection (Mss.Rec.10), listed separately in this guide, in which Cooke reads the majority of the names.
Collection:Iroquois personal names (Mss.497.3.C772)
Culture:
Date:1895-1948
Contributor:Speck, Frank G. (Frank Gouldsmith), 1881-1950 | Peters, Nicodemus | Moses, Jesse | Springer, Ethel M. (Ethel Maria), 1880- | Witapanóxwe | Wheeler-Voegelin, Erminie, 1903-1988 | Montour, Josiah | Washington, Fred | Washington, Jane | Washington, Joe | Greywacz, Kathryn B. | Lilly, Eli, 1885-1977 | Voegelin, C. F. (Charles Frederick), 1906-1986 | Shoemaker, Henry W., 1880-1958 | Wallace, Paul A. W. | Boas, Franz, 1858-1942 | Anderson, George | Hill, Jasper (Big White Owl)
Subject:Ethnography | Anthropology | Linguistics | Museums | Social life and customs | Rites and ceremonies | Material culture | Peyote | Religion | Art | Folklore | Place names | Botany | Oklahoma--History | Ontario--History
Type:Still Image | Text
Genre:Correspondence | Notes | Notebooks | Drafts | Essays | Sketches | Photographs | Reports
Extent:57 folders
Description: Materials relating to Speck's study of Lenape (or "Delaware") history, language, and culture. Speck's correspondence with Delaware collaborators in Oklahoma relating to Lenape history, ethnographic data, linguistics, museum specimens, and reservation affairs, etc., might be of particular interest; there are also several tales related by Witapanóxwe, or War Eagle, other tales and texts (some with interlineal translation) from Josiah Montour and other unknown contributors, and 11 sketches of Lenape art designs. Other correspondence touches on Speck's efforts to collect specimens (and individuals and institutions interested in acquiring them), his efforts to collect paintings and sketches of ceremonies and designs, his fieldwork and expenses, financial support from the University of Pennsylvania and Indiana Historical Society, Shawnee data on Oklahoma Delawares, the Big House Ceremony, efforts to acquire a Delaware Big House to erect in Harrisburg, Delawares-as-women, etc. There are also at least 82 pages (in three folders) of Speck's field notes of ethnographic and linguistic data, and over 50 pages (in two folders) of Speck's miscellaneous notes (including some correspondence) on topics such as Gladys Tantaquidgeon and Lenape designs, botanical specimens, linguistic materials, museum specimens, the Walam Olum, the "Six Nation Delaware reservation", the celestial bear theme, native religion, reviews of Speck's publications, etc. Other notes cover Delaware grammar and vocabulary, Delaware clans and social organization, dualism in Delaware religion, the influence of Christianity on Delaware religion, the provenance of Delaware museum specimens obtained from Delawares in Oklahoma and Canada, biographical information on Joseph Montur and Nicodemus Peters, etc. There are also various drafts, essays, lectures and other writings by Speck on topics such as Delaware religion, ceremonies, peyote rites, designs, population, remnant populations in the east, history, place names, a Delaware bibliography and a notebook of reports to the University of Pennsylvania Research Committee on fieldwork among Oklahoma Delaware, St. Francis Abenaki, Munsee and Six Nations (Haudenosaunee) Delaware, Tutelo, Cayuga, 1931-1936.
Collection:Frank G. Speck Papers (Mss.Ms.Coll.126)
Culture:
Piscataway includes: Conoy
Miami includes: Myaamiaki
Lenape includes: Lenni-Lenape, Delaware
Haudenosaunee includes: Iroquois, Onkwehonwe
Date:October 3, 1738; April 1756; March 10, 1778; January 13, 1788; March 4, 1856
Contributor:Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission | Logan, James, 1674-1751 | Du Ponceau, Peter Stephen, 1760-1844 | Vogler, Jesse | Montour, Andrew | Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826 | Pennsylvania. Provincial Council | Peters, Richard, 1704-1776 | Zeisberger, David, 1721-1808
Subject:Government relations | Pennsylvania--History | Missions | Moravians | Linguistics | Treaties | Diplomacy | Ohio--History | Place names
Type:Text
Genre:Correspondence | Minutes | Speeches | Reports
Extent:10 items
Description: Relevant materials can be found in the finding aid under the specific dates listed. Materials include information relations with the colony of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania's Indian affairs more generally, particularly Quaker involvement, embassies to Wyoming (PA) and elsewhere, and gifts for Indians; Indian relations with the federal government of the United States; Delaware materials in the Moravian Archives at Bethlehem and elsewhere; review of Du Ponceau's Delaware Grammar in Revue Encyclopedique; Place names; Heckewelder's Account of the Indian nations; Harrison's 1803 treaty with the Delawares and other Indians at Fort Wayne; Indian settlements in Ohio, and the difficulty of Christian Indians; a Delaware spelling book with vocabularies. Other individuals mentioned include Nookamis, "Sandusky Indian," Ettwein, Zeisberger, and Paul A.W. Wallace.
Collection:Miscellaneous Manuscripts Collection (Mss.Ms.Coll.200)
Language:English
Date:1792-1805
Contributor:Barton, Benjamin Smith, 1766-1815
Subject:Birds | Birds | Zoology | Animals--Folklore | Anthropometry | Health | Breastfeeding | Politics and government | Linguistics | Antiquities
Type:Text
Genre:Correspondence
Extent:10 items
Description: Correspondence relating to miscellaneous indigenous peoples and cultures. Seven letters are to John G. E. Heckewelder and three are to Thomas Pennant. Smith's letters to Heckewelder largely consist of questions about Native peoples, cultures, and languages, including a query about Indian names for a particular bird; the Indians' feelings and beliefs about the opossum; Heckewelder's opinion on the strength of body and age of Indians in comparison to whites; what Indian nations in Heckewelder's knowledge compress the heads of children and how it is done; and information on health, nursing, menstruation, etc. Smith also expounds at times, expressing his belief that some Indian nations formerly had a hieroglyphic writing system and asking Heckewelder's opinion, wondering whether Indian chiefs have more or less power now than formerly, and pursuing his inquiry into the relations of North American and Asiatic languages. He is also interested in accuracy of George Henry Loskiel's "History of the Mission of the United Brethren among the Indians in North America," which mentions the Moshkos Indians, of whom Barton had never heard before. Also mentions study of the Nanticoke. Smith's letters to Pennant revolve around the prospects for his work on antiquities and Indians and his hopes for a London edition to satisfy European market, and the possible Welsh origins of American Indians. Barton general disapproves it, but agrees that there is a case for the Welsh origin of the American Indians from physical appearance, while others had seen this as evidence for Jewish origin. He finds striking vocabulary evidence for Jews, Greeks, Scottish Highland, as well as Welsh. [Most of the letters to Heckewelder are from originals in the Gilbert Collection, College of Physicians, Philadelphia.]
Collection:Violetta Delafield-Benjamin Smith Barton Collection (Mss.B.B284d)
Language:English | Mohegan-Pequot
Date:1897-1943
Contributor:Speck, Frank G. (Frank Gouldsmith), 1881-1950 | Butler, Eva L. | Prince, John Dyneley, 1868-1945 | Tantaquidgeon, Gladys | Ward, Christopher, 1868-1943
Subject:Anthropology | Ethnography | Place names | Linguistics | Social life and customs | New England--History | Politics and government | Land transfers | Connecticut--History
Type:Text | Still Image
Genre:Notes | Correspondence | Deeds | Pamphlets | Notebooks | Drafts | Stories | Vocabularies | Translations | Maps
Extent:11 folders, 30 photos
Description: Materials relating to Speck's study of Mohegan language, history, and culture. Includes Mohegan miscellaneous notes and correspondence from 1916-1943 including commentary on Fidelia Fielding's Texts, notes for 1920 Pequot trip with Nehantic and Pennacook notes, letters from the Honorable Thomas W. Bicknell to Speck concerning Indians in Rhode Island, notes on Mohegan social organization, 1 page of incomplete letter of Red Wing concerning Indian affairs, miscellaneous Stockbridge notes, George Heye to Speck regarding publication, John R. Swanton to Speck concerning his exhibition for Mohegan Stockbridge, postal card from Princess Pretty War regarding dress, Ernest E. Rogers to Speck regarding Speck's Mohegan-Pequot Diary, etc.; Pequot miscellaneous notes and correspondence from 1922-1941 including two cards with Mohegan names, 7 pages of reading notes, 1 page of animal names, a letter from Harral Ayres to the Smithsonian Institution concerning Connecticut place names, and a letter from Gertrude Bell Browne to Speck concerning seventeenth-century Pequot-Mohegan Mohegan-Pequot texts and vocabulary materials, notes and drafts relating to Speck (1928a); letters to his mother concerning his activities among Indians at Mohegan, Connecticut; copy for a news release on a Mohegan election; correspondence with Gladys Tantaquidgeon; "Mohegan Land Deeds," a pamplet containing 22 seventeenth-century deeds signed by Mohegans, taken from Connecticut archival sources; 21 cards with notes on trees and uses of their products; Prince's 1907 letter of recommendation for Speck, discussing Speck's work, as a student, on the Pequot dialect of Mohegan-Pequots, Algic, and Yuchi; and Ward's correspondence with Speck regarding the printing of extra copies of Speck's Nanticoke study by the Historical Society of Delaware. Some manuscripts written by Gladys Tantaquidgeon, not about Mohegan matters, have been identified among Speck's notes on the Delaware, Wampanoag, and Innu. There may be other manuscripts in the collection written by hand but not yet identified. In Series III (Photographs), there are about 30 Mohegan-related photographs, some possibly taken by Gladys Tantaquidgeon. In Series IV (Lantern slides), there are 9 images, some of which may be duplicate images of those among the general photos. Lastly, Series V (Maps) contains a small number of maps of Mohegan lands.
Collection:Frank G. Speck Papers (Mss.Ms.Coll.126)